Diagnosing & Treating Vulvar Cancer

You Are Not Alone.

At Hoag Family Cancer Institute, we treat many types of cancer in many different ways. As a top choice in Orange County, Hoag offers the largest and most comprehensive cancer program in the county. Our world-class teams of top-ranked oncologists, surgeons, scientists, nurse navigators, radiation oncologists, pathologists, therapists, pharmacists, social workers, rehabilitation therapists and more work shoulder to shoulder to provide comprehensive, coordinated care for all of you—body, mind and spirit—every step of the way.

An Overview of Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar cancer is cancer that occurs in the vulva, which is the external female genitalia that surrounds the vaginal opening and urethra and includes the clitoris, labia minora and labia majora. Vulvar cancer is one of the rarest types of gynecologic cancer, diagnosed in only around 5,500 women in the U.S. every year.

There are two main types of vulvar cancer:

• Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, the most common kind of vulvar cancer, which begins in the flat cells that cover the surface of most of our bodies, including the vulva.
• Vulvar melanoma, which begins in the cells that produce pigment in the vulva.

In its early stages, vulvar cancer often produces no symptoms, making regular gynecological screening especially important. 

Symptoms of vulvar cancer can include:

• Finding a lump in your vulva
• Sores or ulcers on the vagina that don’t heal
• Unexplained color changes or thickening in the skin of the vulva
• Persistent and unexplained itching, pain or tenderness in the vulva
• Unexplained bleeding

Risk Factors for Vulvar Cancer

Like cervical cancer, vulvar cancer can sometimes be caused by an infection by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), a common sexually-transmitted condition. Most people who carry HPV will never develop vaginal cancer. Other risk factors for vulvar cancer can include: 

• Being older, with most cases occurring in women over 65
• Chronic irritation of the vulva
• Being diagnosed with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), which is considered a precancerous condition of the vulva. While most people with VAIN don’t develop cancer, a small percentage do.
• Being infected with the Human papillomavirus (HPV) or not receiving the HPV vaccine before becoming sexually active as a young person. 
• Smoking
• Treatment or a condition that results in a weakened immune system.

Reducing Risk of Developing Vulvar Cancer

Ways to reduce your risk of developing Vulvar cancer include:

• Get vaccinated against HPV before beginning sexual activity
• Get screened for infection with HPV
• Don’t smoke
• Eat a healthy diet and get plenty of exercise to keep your immune system healthy
• Use condoms during sexual activity

Diagnosing & Treating Vulvar Cancer

If you have symptoms that might suggest vulvar cancer, your doctor will talk to you about the issues you’re experiencing, followed by a pelvic exam or Pap test to check for infection with HPV, which can cause vulvar cancer. If initial tests suggest further investigation, the doctor may refer you for additional tests, including:

• Colposcopy: an exam using a special kind of magnifying device called a Colposcope into the vagina. The Colposcope is then used to examine the lining of the vagina closely for abnormal cells. 
• Biopsy: in which a small sample of tissue is removed so it can be checked for cancer
• Imaging tests: Which may include x-rays, CT scans, PET scans or MRI.

As a leading provider of advanced gynecologic care, Hoag treats more women than any other hospital in Orange County.  Trust Hoag for your gynecologic cancer treatment. For the eighth consecutive year, U.S. News & World Report’s 2024-2025 Best Hospitals Rankings named Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian in Newport Beach the highest-ranked hospital in Orange County. 

Our gynecologic cancer specialists and support staff with Hoag Oncology and The Hoag Women’s Health Institute will be there for you following your diagnosis to help you find resources, review your options and make informed decisions at every step of your cancer treatment and recovery. 

Vulvar Cancer Treatment Options

Treatment options for vaginal cancer depend on many factors, including how advanced the cancer is when detected, your age, other health issues you may have, the size and location of the tumors and whether you wish to have children in the future. Some treatment options Hoag offers for vulvar cancers include:

• Radiation therapy/radiotherapy. Learn more about Hoag Radiation Oncology.
• Local excision surgery, which involves removal of small tumors or lesions on the surface of the vulva.
• Pelvic exenteration, which involves removal of most of the pelvic organs. This surgery is rare, and only performed in advanced cases
• Partial or radical vulvectomy, which involves removing some or all of the vulva
• Lymph node surgery, if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the groin
• Chemotherapy
  Brachytherapy, also known as “internal radiation therapy,” is a radiation treatment in which a small radioactive source is temporarily placed inside the body. Because of the high dose rate, brachytherapy treatments are usually delivered on an outpatient basis or with a minimal hospital stay. Explore advanced treatment options at Hoag.

Robotic-assisted surgery from Hoag, the unmatched leader on the West Coast in the field of robot-assisted, minimally-invasive surgery to help treat gynecologic cancers. Explore robotic surgery at Hoag. There are many conditions and patients that can benefit from Minimally Invasive Gynecology Surgery including: 

• • Hysterectomy
  • Cancers of the uterus, cervix, and ovary
  • Endometriosis
  • Patients at high risk of gynecologic cancers who want preventative surgery
  • Patients with a history of surgery complications
  • Obese patients at a high risk for surgical complications
  • Ovarian masses

Advanced Surgery and Treatment Options for Vulvar Cancer at Hoag

Facing surgery can be a frightening prospect, but it is a vital component in the successful treatment of many gynecologic cancers. The Hoag Family Cancer Institute’s medical team includes experienced, fellowship-trained oncologists who utilize the latest techniques and technology in the surgical management of many different cancers found in women, including vulvar cancers.

Radical cancer surgery is a surgical procedure in which physicians remove the entire tumor, a margin of normal tissues, and in some cases, nearby lymph nodes. At Hoag, our surgeons have undergone extensive training in radical gynecologic cancer surgery and procedures, including in the areas of:

• Debulking surgery: In cases where the cancer has spread, as much of the cancer is removed as possible. This can often involve extensive surgery including removal of sections of the small or large intestine, as well as tumors from the liver, diaphragm and pelvis.
• Radical hysterectomy
• Excision of vulvar and vaginal cancers 

At Hoag, our team applies a multidisciplinary approach to cancer surgery. Our physicians work together on your care, consulting with colleagues in plastic surgery, anesthesia and other specialties to help patients achieve better outcomes, maintain sexual and urinary function and preserve overall quality of life.

Hoag surgeons utilize the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathway, an approach focused on understanding a patient’s specific biology to improve recovery time and pain management. With ERAS, patients become an active participant in their recovery in four key areas:  

• Planning and preparing before surgery
• Reducing the physical stress of surgery
• Post-surgery pain relief planning
• Early feeding and movement after surgery

With ERAS, post-surgical patients require fewer narcotics, suffer from less constipation, are able to return to eating normally sooner and have a recovery period that is, on average, two days faster.

Non-Surgical Treatment Options

Hoag’s non surgical options, including chemotherapy and radiation therapies, are world-class as well. Hoag Newport Beach was recently named a Radiopharmaceutical Therapy Center of Excellence (RTCoE) by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI), a distinction held by only 17 centers in the U.S. including Stanford Health Care, Harvard Medical School and the University of California — San Francisco.  

Explore advanced treatment technologies for gynecological cancer available at Hoag.

Fertility Options

The stages of cervical cancer treatment, including radiation therapy and surgery, can sometimes impact a person’s ability to conceive and bear a child. If you are considering having children in the future, you can discuss fertility options with your doctor. These may include:

• Egg freezing
• Embryo freezing
• Fertility-preserving surgery
• Gestational surrogacy

Fertility preservation works best if initiated prior to your cancer treatment. These options can be completed within approximately two weeks of diagnosis so as not to compromise initiation of your cancer treatment.

To help patients understand the impact of gynecological cancer treatment on their fertility, Hoag has developed a series of questions you can ask your oncologist or fertility specialist.

Clinical Trials for Vaginal Cancer

Hoag is committed to leading the way in state-of-the-art technologies and advanced treatment options. Part of this commitment includes clinical research with the goal of helping patients live longer, healthier lives. Through carefully-planned clinical trials, researchers evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new ways to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases or conditions. Treatments studied in clinical trials might be new drugs or new combinations of drugs, new surgical procedures or devices, or new ways to use existing treatments. View vulvar cancer clinical trials here.

At Hoag, our clinical research team is committed to excellence in research and a continuing commitment to protect the interests and well-being of patients.  Contact us at 949-764-4577 to see if joining a clinical trial for uterine cancer is right for you.